SQL provides various functions and operators to perform complex data manipulation and analysis. These functions and operators can be used to work with strings, numbers, dates, and more, allowing for flexible and efficient data querying.

Common SQL Functions and Operators

• CASE: Provides conditional logic in SQL queries.
• COALESCE: Returns the first non-null value in a list of arguments.
• NULLIF: Returns null if two arguments are equal; otherwise, returns the first argument.
• CAST and CONVERT: Used to convert data from one type to another.
• EXISTS: Checks for the existence of rows in a subquery.
• IN: Used to check if a value is present in a list of values.
• LIKE: Performs pattern matching using wildcards.
• BETWEEN: Used to filter values within a range.
• AND, OR, NOT: Logical operators for filtering data.
• AS: Used to rename a column or table with an alias.
• NULL: Represents missing or undefined data.
• TOP: Limits the number of rows returned by a query.
• DISTINCT: Removes duplicate rows from the result set.
• UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS: Set operators for combining results from multiple queries.
• OVER, PARTITION BY: Used with window functions for advanced data analysis.
• ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, NTILE: Window functions for ranking and distributing rows.
• LEAD, LAG, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE: Window functions for accessing data from other rows.
• Aggregate Functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX for summarizing data.
• GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, CUBE: Used for advanced grouping and aggregation.

Purpose of Functions and Operators

These functions and operators are essential for transforming and analyzing data efficiently in SQL. They provide the flexibility to perform complex calculations and conditional logic in your queries.